The 1893 fair organizers and Congress’s goal was to stir men’s blood, to surpass the marvels of the Exposition Universelle produced by France and held in Paris in 1889, which had been so majestic and exotic that no one thought it could ever be equaled. America’s pride as an international power demanded a response, something to eclipse the French exposition and its Eiffel Tower. Alexandre Eiffel, a French engineer, was hired to create the grandest spectacle of all. The World’s Columbian Exposition was the answer, and four cities—New York, Washington, D.C., St. Louis and Chicago—submitted bids. After several rounds of intense lobbying, Congress awarded the charter to Chicago. Burnham, the director of works for the 1893 world’s fair, spent more than $22 million (almost $600 million in today’s dollars) to make it happen. Attendance on the fair’s best day, Chicago Day, was 761,942 people, which beat out the best day, by almost half, at the Paris exposition. the main axle was made by Bethle...